Fig. 5

Dietary inulin supplementation altered the proportion of granule cell subpopulations in cerebellum. UMAP of all cell types (A) and granule cells (D) in the cerebellum of Ctrl_AD and Inulin_AD mice. Violin plot of marker gene expression level of all cell types (B) and granule cells (E). Cell proportion comparison of each cell type (C) and granule cell subtypes (F) between the Ctrl_AD and Inulin_AD groups. Each dot represented one independently sequenced mouse. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test was used to determine statistical significance. Data were presented in mean ± SD. G Volcano plot of DEGs of cluster 0 granule cells against cluster 1. Red dots represent the genes that were upregulated in cluster 0 compared to cluster 1. Blue dots represent the genes that were downregulated in cluster 0. Absolute log2 fold change greater than 0.3 and P < 0.05 were used as selection criteria. H GO analysis of DEGs in granule cell cluster 0 and 1. Pathways that were upregulated in cluster 0 compared to cluster 1 were shown in red. Pathways that were downregulated in cluster 0 were shown in blue. I Analysis of transcriptional trajectories in cluster 0 and 1 granule cells. Arrows represent the predicted transcriptional flow based on RNA velocity analysis of spliced versus un-spliced mRNA transcripts. Cells at the border between cluster 0 and 1 were highlighted by the blue dashed circle. J Heat map illustrating the latent splice time of cluster 0 and 1 granule cells, based on splicing kinetics derived from the RNA velocity model. Color of each dot represents the level of progression of each cell along the differentiation trajectories defined by the RNA velocity model