Fig. 5

Cellular deformation analysis on Arabidopsis leaf. A Arabidopsis leaf sample attached to tags prior to stretching. Scale bar: 1 mm. B,C Confocal z-stack images of abaxial leaf cells before stretching (B) and at 9.5% strain or maximum deformation before rupture (C). Arrows indicate the stretching direction. D Heatmap of cell deformation of selected cells. Deformation crosses are calculated using MorphoGraphX, with white arms indicating extension and red arms indicating contraction, visualized at the cell centroids. Arrows indicate the stretching direction. B, C, and D share the same scale bar of 50 µm. E Boxplot showing longitudinal and transverse strain (%) of the selected cells in D. Longitudinal strain corresponds to the stretching direction, while transverse strain is perpendicular to it. The grey dashed line at 0% indicates no change in cell size