Fig. 1

The overview of the HNF-DDA framework. We input the SMILES of drugs, the sequences of proteins, and the textual descriptions of other biological entities into a biological language model to obtain the initial features of the nodes. The HNFormer module is then used to derive the embeddings of drugs and diseases. Next, we employ XGBoost for multiple independent training sessions. We average the predicted scores from these multiple runs and perform a ranking analysis based on the average scores