Fig. 2

The metabolic remodeling process in natural kidney aging. A Representative images of Oil Red O staining in the 24-month-old and 6-month-old group (n = 6), scale bar = 50 μm; B, C the downregulated protein levels of FAO markers (i.e., PPARα, ACOX1, and CPT1A) and upregulated protein levels of glycolysis markers (i.e., HK2 and PDK1) by western blot, and their semi-quantitative analyses (n = 6); D immunostaining for GLIS1 (red) and PPARα (green), with DAPI (blue) counterstaining by IF staining in the 24-month-old and 6-month-old group (n = 6), scale bar = 50 μm; E lactate levels in the 24-month-old and 6-month-old group (n = 6); F the downregulated protein levels of PPARα, ACOX1, and CPT1A, and up-regulated protein levels of HK2 and PDK1 in the 24-month-old group by IHC assay and their semi-quantitative analyses (n = 6), scale bar = 50 μm. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **P < .01 or ***P < .001 versus the 6-month-old group by Student’s t-test