Fig. 5

Sub-optimal paternal diet enhances pre-compaction preimplantation embryo kinetics. A Representative time lapse images of a (i) 2-cell, (ii) 4-cell and (iii) 8-cell embryo. B Preimplantation embryo development timings of pre-compaction cleavage stages normalised to first cell cleavage. C Cleavage time between 3 and 4 cell and (D) synchronicity of the 3rd cleavage (4-cell–8-cell) for each individual embryo. Blastomere area was measured and averaged for each embryo at the (E) 2-cell stage and (F) 4-cell stage. Data presented as mean ± SEM in B and as individual embryos in C–F. CD n = 36 embryos from 5 litters, LPD n = 45 embryos from 6 litters, MD-LPD n = 42 embryos from 6 litters, WD n = 51 embryos from 7 litters, MD-WD n = 42 embryos from 6 litters (each litter generated by a separate male). Statistical significance determined using generalised linear mixed model analysis factored for stud male; different letters denote statistical significance or *p<0.05